How to Do in Text Citations if You Dont Know Author Name

past Chelsea Lee

The basic citation for a government report follows the writer–date–championship–source format of APA Style references. Here is a template:

Reference list:

Authorities Writer. (yr). Title of written report: Subtitle of report if applicative (Written report No. 123). Retrieved from http://xxxxx

In text:

(Government Author, year)

Notation that the report number may not be present, or, when present, the wording may vary. Follow the wording shown on your report to write your reference (encounter how the wording is adjusted for the National Cancer Institute instance later in this postal service).

Who Is the Author of a Regime Report?

Well-nigh of the time the government department or agency is used as the author for an APA Style regime report reference. Sometimes individual people are also credited as having written the report; even so, their names do not announced in the APA Style reference unless their names also announced on the cover of the report (vs. within the report somewhere, such as on an acknowledgments page). Then again, the proper noun(s) on the cover or title folio go in the reference, for reasons of retrievability, and nearly of the time, it is the name of the agency.

How Many Layers of Government Agencies Should Be Listed?

Regime agencies ofttimes list the full hierarchy of departments on their reports. As anyone familiar with bureaucracy knows, this tin can add upward to a lot of layers. For example, the author of the National Cancer Institute report in the instance above might exist fully written out as follows:

Reference list (long class, right but not recommended):

U.South. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. (2016).Taking function in cancer treatment research studies (Publication No. 16-6249). Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/CRS.pdf

In text (long class, correct but not recommended):

(U.Due south. Department of Wellness and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 2016)

You might notice that this author name is rather lengthy! List the total bureaucracy of agencies as shown on the report in question (from largest to smallest) is correct; even so, it is also correct to listing the most specific responsible agency only (in this example, the National Cancer Institute).

We recommend the shorter, more than specific format for a few reasons.

• Our users have expressed to united states of america that this shorter name form makes it easier to write references and in-text citations.
• The shorter course makes it easier for readers to differentiate between reports authored by a variety of agencies. Imagine, for case, a paper containing many government reports; the citations and references could quickly overwhelm the text if the long course were used.

However, if using only the most specific responsible agency would cause confusion (e.g., if you are citing institutes with the same proper noun from 2 countries, such every bit the United States and Canada), then include the parent agencies in the author chemical element to differentiate them.

How Does the In-Text Citation Correspond to the Reference Listing Entry?

Ensure that the name of the government author you utilise in the in-text commendation matches the name of the author in the reference list entry exactly. Do not use the long form in i spot and the short form in the other. An exception is that you can introduce an abbreviation for the government bureau in the text if you will exist referring to it often. Read this web log mail to learn how to abbreviate group writer names.

Notation: The guidelines for citing authors with the same surname have been updated in the seventh edition Publication Transmission (see Sections viii.xx and nine.48 for details on citing these authors in the text and the reference list, respectively). This blog post describes the onetime 6th edition guidelines.

 past Chelsea Lee

A rose by any other proper name would scent as sweet, correct? Readers ofttimes ask us questions near how to handle repeated surnames in references. For example, how exercise you lot cite a piece of work where some or all of the authors have the same last name? What if you desire to cite separate works by people who have the aforementioned concluding name—how practice y'all avert making it seem like they are the same person? Read on to observe out these answers.

Same Surname Within a Reference

Nothing special is required when a surname is repeated within a reference. Write the in-text citation and reference list entry normally.

Reference listing entry:

Sue, D., Sue, D. W., Sue, D., & Sue, S. (2015). Understanding abnormal behavior (11th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.

In-text citation:

(Sue, Sue, Sue, & Sue, 2015)

Different Commencement Authors Share a Surname But Have Different Initials

Now imagine a surname is repeated in different references. When the first authors of multiple references have the aforementioned surname but different initials, include initials for the beginning authors in the in-text citations. Never include initials for 2nd or subsequent authors in in-text citations. The reference list entries are written unremarkably.

In the example below, annotation that although all iii examples accept an author named Jackson, merely D. Jackson and M. C. Jackson are cited with initials in the text because the other Jackson is not first author.

Reference list entries:

Jackson, D. (2018). Aesthetics and the psychotherapist's office. Periodical of Clinical Psychology, 74, 233–238. https://doi.org/x.1002/jclp.22576

Jackson, M. C., Counter, P., & Tree, J. J. (2017). Face up working memory deficits in developmental prosopagnosia: Tests of encoding limits and updating processes. Neuropsychologia, 106, 60–70. https://doi.org/ten.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.003

Nelson, B. D., Jackson, F., Amir, N., & Hajcak, G. (2017). Attention bias modification reduces neural correlates of response monitoring. Biological Psychology, 129, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.08.059

In-text citations:

(D. Jackson, 2018)

(Thou. C. Jackson, Counter, & Tree, 2017)

(Nelson, Jackson, Amir, & Hajcak, 2017)

Note: Include initials in the in-text citations merely to help the reader tell apart unlike people. If the name of 1 person is presented inconsistently beyond works (e.g., sometimes a centre initial is present, sometimes information technology is missing), so reproduce the proper noun every bit shown on the work in the reference list and write normal in-text citations without initials. Encounter this post on inconsistent name formats for more.

Unlike Commencement Authors Share a Surname and Initials

When the first authors of multiple references accept the aforementioned surname and the aforementioned initials—merely they are different people—then adding initials to the in-text citations won't aid readers tell the authors apart. So in this example (as addressed previously on the weblog), include these authors' total start names in the in-text citations. In the reference list entries, as well include the total first names in square brackets subsequently the initials. Never include bracketed names for second or subsequent authors in in-text citations or reference list entries.

Reference list entries:

Green, Fifty. [Laura]. (2009). Morphology and literacy: Getting our heads in the game. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 40, 283–285. https://doi.org/ten.1044/0161-1461(2009/08-0091)

Dark-green, 50. [Leonard], & Myerson, J. (2013). How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective. Periodical of the Experimental Assay of Behavior, 99, 3–13. https://doi.org/x.1002/jeab.ane

In-text citations:

(Laura Greenish, 2009)

(Leonard Greenish & Myerson, 2013)

For more than on this topic, see the Publication Transmission sections 6.xiv and six.27. Got more than questions? Leave a comment below.

by Timothy McAdoo

In the Publication Manual and in many, many blog posts here, nosotros refer to both references and citations. If you lot are new to writing with APA Fashion, you might wonder "What'south the difference?" Similar this apple and orange, they are created separately but work well together!

References

References appear at the terminate of a manuscript. They follow a who–when–what–where format. For example:

McAdoo, T. (2017, September 20). References versus citations [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2017/09/References-versus-citations

They appear (a) and then you tin can give credit to your sources and (b) to provide a path for your readers to retrieve those sources and read them immediate.

Citations

Citations announced in the torso of your paper and point your reader to your references. For that reason, we sometimes call them in-text citations. They are also sometimes called merely cites. Citations can appear in a paper in two ways:

• parenthetically: (Becker, 2012; Lee, 2016; McAdoo, 2017) and
• narratively: Becker (2012), Lee (2016), and McAdoo (2017) wrote blog posts about APA Style.

Include them in a newspaper to support claims you accept made and/or to provide the sources for paraphrases and direct quotations.

Equally shown in the examples above, citations are almost always composed of an writer surname or surnames and a date. The surname(s) that announced in a citation must exactly match those used in the reference. Too, the year in the citation matches the year shown in the reference. When the reference has a more precise date, the in-text citation includes the year only. For example, compare the reference and the in-text citation for a tweet. For more about creating in-text citations, come across Writing In-Text Citations in APA Style.

As noted in a higher place, virtually citations include author names; but, because some references take no author, their citations as well take no author: When the reference includes no writer, the commendation includes the title (or a brusque version of the championship). Too, many types of legal references do non include author names. To learn more than about legal references and citations, see Introduction to APA Fashion Legal References.

 by Chelsea Lee

This post is part of a series on author names. Other posts in the series will be linked at the bottom of this post as they are published.

Typically APA Style reference list entries and in-text citations do not include the authors' academic credentials or professional titles. For example, if a book is written by Samantha T. Smith, PhD, then the reference entry refers to Smith, Due south. T., and the in-text commendation to Smith. Professional person titles are also omitted from reference list entries and in-text citations. For instance, for a Thomas the Train book written by the Reverend W. Awbry, the reference refers to Awbry, W., and the in-text citation will be to Awbry (1946).

Hither are some common examples of academic credentials and professional titles to omit from references and citations (note this is not an exhaustive list—anything in a similar vein will count):

Academic degrees or licenses to omit	Professional person titles to omit
PhD, PsyD, EdD (any doctorate degree)	Reverend (Rev.)
MA, MS (whatever master's degree)	Honorable (Hon.)
Dr., RN, BSN (any medical degree or license)	President (or any governmental or administrative rank)
MBA (whatever business degree)	Dr. or Doctor
JD (any law degree)	Military ranks (Full general, Helm, Lieutenant, etc.)
MSW, LCSW, LPC (whatever social piece of work or counseling caste or license)
BA, BS (any bachelor's degree)

Note that if you do want to mention an author's bookish credentials or professional championship in the text because it is relevant to the word, you lot should use the format without periods (due east.g., PhD, not Ph.D.; an exception is for abbreviations of a single word, such equally Rev. for Reverend).

Exceptions for Religious Officials and Dignity

Exceptions to including the title in APA Style citations occur when the person's championship is in essence their name. For case, although Pope Francis was born Jorge Mario Bergoglio, he now writes using the name Pope Francis. Hither is how to cite an encyclical letter of the alphabet by Pope Francis:

Pope Francis. (2013). Lumen fidei [The lite of religion] [Encyclical letter]. Retrieved from http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20130629_enciclica-lumen-fidei.html

In text: (Pope Francis, 2013)

You lot should not abridge the Pope's name to Francis, P., considering this would return it unintelligible to the reader.

And here is an example of how to cite a book past Prince Charles of Wales:

The Prince of Wales (with Juniper, T., & Skelly, I). (2010). Harmony: A new fashion of looking at our world. New York, NY: HarperCollins.

In text: (The Prince of Wales, 2010)

Notation that the two authors who are credited later on "with" on the encompass are listed in parentheses in the reference list entry and are not cited in the in-text citation. (For more data on "with" authors, encounter page 184 of the Publication Manual, sixth bullet.)

Other Questions

Do y'all have more questions on author names in APA Way? See these other posts, or leave a comment below:

• How to write 2-part surnames with or without hyphens
• Inconsistent formats and proper name changes
• Cultural variations in proper noun order
• Authors who use only a single proper noun

 past Chelsea Lee

This post is part of a series on author names. Other posts in the series will be linked at the bottom of this post as they are published.

This mail service addresses how to cite authors who take only ane proper noun. These people include celebrities (like Madonna or [the creative person formerly known as] Prince) likewise as many people from Indonesia. To cite works by these people, provide the full name without abbreviation, because abbreviating the given name would render the name unintelligible. So for example, a work by Sukarno, the kickoff president of Indonesia, would be cited every bit such:

Reference listing:

Sukarno. (1965). Sukarno: An autobiography (C. Adams, Trans.). Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.

In text: (Sukarno, 1965)

This category does non include people who are well-known by their first proper name alone merely who actually publish nether their full name—for example, although you might know who Oprah is from her get-go proper noun lonely, she has published books as Oprah Winfrey and and then would exist credited in the reference list every bit Winfrey, O., and would exist credited every bit Winfrey (or Oprah Winfrey) in the text—simply never as just "Oprah" unless she published under but that name with no surname.

Other Questions

Do you take more questions on author names in APA Way? See these other posts, or get out a comment below:

• How to write two-role surnames
• Inconsistent formats and name changes
• Cultural variations in name order
• Names with titles in them

 by Chelsea Lee

This post is part of a series on author names. Other posts in the series will be linked at the bottom of this mail equally they are published.

Most people have one or more given names and a surname. Even so, the order of these names varies across cultures. This can create confusion when a author is figuring out how to cite an author from a culture with unlike naming practices than the author'due south own.

To help you resolve questions regarding proper name society, do a little detective work.

1. Look at how the author has been cited in other works and follow that presentation of the name.
2. Authors usually use the default proper noun order for the language in which they are publishing, so take your cues for name order from the language in which the article is written. For example, Yi-Chun Chang may publish as Yi-Chun Chang in an English journal only as Chang Yi-Chun in a Chinese journal. In either instance, the APA Style format for the name is Chang, Y.-C., in the reference list entry and Chang (2016) in the in-text citation.
3. Sometimes the surname is presented in all-capital letters on the source to distinguish information technology from the given name(due south), for example, CHANG Yi-Chun or Yi-Chun CHANG. Do not retain the all-caps fashion for the reference; nonetheless write this name as Chang, Y.-C., in the reference list entry and every bit Chang (2016) in the text citation.

Other Questions

Do you have more questions on author names in APA Fashion? Meet these other posts, or leave a comment below:

• How to write ii-role surnames
• Inconsistent formats and proper noun changes
• Authors who use only a unmarried proper name
• Names with titles in them

  by Chelsea Lee

This post is part of a series on author names. Other posts in the serial will be linked at the bottom of this mail as they are published.

Although APA encourages authors to apply one format for their proper name throughout their publishing career, inconsistencies do ascend, and some authors choose to change their name for professional publication. This mail addresses how to cite works in each of these circumstances.

Inconsistent Presentation

Sometimes names are presented inconsistently beyond publications. If the writer has used unlike forms of the same proper noun on different works, then your reference list entries should match the course of the name on the piece of work being cited for reasons of retrievability. For case, sometimes the author may use a eye initial and sometimes not (east.g., perhaps Jacob T. Bakery sometimes publishes every bit Jacob Bakery).

Because both names refer to the same person and the differences between names are minor (namely, a missing initial), information technology is not necessary to adjust the order of the works in the reference list to business relationship for the missing initial or to put the author's initials in the text citations to distinguish the references. (Read more nigh the guild of works in the reference list and see examples.)

Name Changes

Some other case is when an author has inverse names, such as a surname change after marriage or divorce or a name change for a transgender author. Do non change the proper name on a work if an author has published under different names; cite the work using the name shown on the publication y'all read. In most cases, it is non necessary to note for the reader that ii different names refer to the same person; just cite each work normally.

• Example alter of surname: If Morgan J. McDonald now publishes as Morgan J. Williams, then cite the works in the text every bit McDonald (2005) and Williams (2017), respectively; in the reference list, the works should exist alphabetized under M and W, respectively.
• Instance change to a hyphenated or two-role surname: If Taylor T. Hartley at present publishes every bit Taylor T. Hartley-Jones, so cite the works in the text as Hartley (2010) and Hartley-Jones (2017), respectively; in the reference list, all works past Hartley come before those published by Hartley-Jones because of the rules of alphabetizing the reference list. (The same principle applies if Taylor had decided to utilise no hyphen between the surnames, for example, Taylor T. Hartley Jones.) See this blog mail on ii-role surnames for more than.
• Example kickoff name change for a transgender writer (dissimilar initials): If John J. Smith now publishes under the proper name Rebecca L. Smith, and if you cite works published under both names in your newspaper, then cite the works in the text equally J. J. Smith (2001) and R. L. Smith (2015), respectively; in the reference list, take the initials into business relationship and put works by Smith, J. J., earlier works past Smith, R. L. Note: If y'all cite just works published as John or simply works published as Rebecca, then no initials in the text or description of the author'south name change are necessary; but cite the works unremarkably.
• Example first proper name change for a transgender author (same initials): If Alicia K. Johnson now publishes under the name Adam K. Johnson, and if yous cite works published under both names in your paper, then cite the works in the text as Alicia K. Johnson (2004) and Adam K. Johnson (2017), respectively—including the total proper name of the author because the initials are the same merely the names themselves are different. In the reference listing, put the author'south first name in brackets to alert the reader that the kickoff names are different. The entries would be every bit follows:
  • Johnson, A. [Adam] Thousand. (2017). ...
  • Johnson, A. [Alicia] Yard. (2004). ...

Notation that if you cite only works published as Alicia or only works published as Adam, then no full names in the text and reference listing or description of the author'southward name change are necessary.

Making Note of a Name Change

Although in nigh cases information technology is non necessary to note that two dissimilar names refer to the aforementioned person, at that place are cases when it would be relevant or useful to do so.  For instance, if you are reviewing multiple works by an author to describe the history of their research and a difference in proper name might confuse the reader, explicate in the text that the two dissimilar names refer to the aforementioned person. Be warned; this might require some finesse to straighten out the citations. For example, you might write,

Smith-Hartman (publishing as Smith, 2010) pioneered treatment for depression and feet. In detail, she discovered a novel therapy involving the use of animals (Smith-Hartman, 2016).

Other Questions

Practise y'all take more than questions on writer names in APA Mode? Come across these other posts, or leave a annotate beneath:

• How to write two-part surnames
• Cultural variations in name order
• Authors who use but a single name
• Names with titles in them

 by Chelsea Lee

This mail service is part of a series on author names.Other posts in the series volition exist linked at the bottom of this post as they are published.

The APA Style format for writer names in reference listing entries is to provide the writer's surname(due south) followed past the initials of their given name(due south).

• Example: Lee, C. 50. (2017).

In the in-text citation, provide only the surname(due south) forth with the twelvemonth. (Note: The author'south full proper noun can be included in the in-text commendation in express circumstances, such every bit if the author is famous or if the whole purpose of the paper is to give an in-depth discussion of an writer's work.)

• Example: (Lee, 2017) or Lee (2017)

Many different name formats are possible; for example, authors might have ii surnames (with or without a hyphen), names with particles, and names with suffixes. Sometimes information technology might be difficult to decide whether a name is a given name or a surname.

However, in all cases, the name in the reference list entry and in-text citation should match the name on the work existence cited. Your task now is just a matter of figuring out the proper format.

Formatting Names With Multiple Parts

• If the surname is hyphenated, include both names and the hyphen in the reference list entry and in-text citation.
• If the surname has ii parts separated past a space and no hyphen, include both names in the reference list entry and in-text citation. Many Spanish names follow this format.
• If the surname includes a particle (e.g., de, de la, der, van, von), include the particle before the surname in the reference listing entry and in-text citation.*
• If the surname includes a suffix (due east.g., Jr., Sr., 3), include the suffix after the initials in the reference listing entry but practice not include it in the in-text citation.

Here are some examples:

Total Name	Name in Reference Listing	Name in In-Text Commendation
Diego J. Rivera-Gutierrez	Rivera-Gutierrez, D. J. (2016).	(Rivera-Gutierrez, 2016)
Rena Torres Cacoullos	Torres Cacoullos, R. (2012).	(Torres Cacoullos, 2012)
Ulrica von Thiele Schwarz	von Thiele Schwarz, U. (2015).	(von Thiele Schwarz, 2015)
Simone de Beauvoir	de Beauvoir, S. (1944).	(de Beauvoir, 1944)
Ashley Thousand. St. John	St. John, A. 1000. (2016).	(St. John, 2016)
Herbert Yard. Turner Three	Turner, H. Thou., III. (2013).	(Turner, 2013)

*Note: In German and Portuguese, the particle is commonly dropped when but the surname is used; for instance, Ludwig van Beethoven is usually referred to in English language as Beethoven and then would be credited as Beethoven, L. van, in the reference list entry and as Beethoven in the text. If y'all are writing in English, include the particle as part of the surname unless you know that the proper noun is one of the famous High german or Portuguese exceptions like Beethoven.

Is the Middle Name a Surname or a Given Proper name?

Sometimes it can exist difficult to tell whether an writer has two surnames without a hyphen or two given names and 1 surname—for instance, is Maria Perez Garcia cited as Garcia (2017) or Perez Garcia (2017)? Here are some techniques to assistance you decide what proper name format to utilise:

• Follow the format shown in the database bibliographic record for the work you lot are citing.
• If the author has cited their own work in their own reference list, follow the same format they have used.
• Look at how other authors have cited the author's name and follow the well-nigh common presentation.
• Look at your article to see if the surname is written in a distinguishing font (e.m., all-capital letters). If the surname is in all caps, convert it to title case for your reference (east.m., Peter Chen WANG becomes Wang, P. C., not WANG, P. C.).
• Search for the writer's website or curriculum vita (CV) and follow the format they take used there.

Other Questions

Do yous have more than questions on author names in APA Way? Come across these other posts, or get out a comment below:

• Inconsistent formats and name changes
• Cultural variations in proper noun lodge
• Authors who use only a single proper name
• Names with titles in them

by Chelsea Lee

To cite a quality standard or guideline in APA Style, provide the author, date, title, and source of the work. Afterward the title of the work, provide any number or identifier for the standard in parentheses without italics. Here is a template for citing a standard:

Template

Reference listing:Organization That Made the Standard. (yr). Title of the standard (Standard No. 1234). Retrieved from http://xxxxx

In text: (Organization That Fabricated the Standard, year).

The only exception is if the standard appears in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), because federal standards are considered legal references and follow legal mode; directions for citing standards in the CFR are at the finish of this post.

Hither are some examples of typical standard citations and their corresponding in-text citations. Note that most of the organizations that publish standards commonly get by acronyms (e.grand., OSHA for the Occupational Safety and Health Assistants). The acronym is optional to use. If yous do use the acronym, use it in the text only, not in the reference list entry. Spell out the name of the group the first fourth dimension you cite the work and provide the acronym either in parentheses or brackets (depending on whether the written-out form is already in parentheses); for any subsequent citations or mentions, use the acronym. If you use multiple works by the same group, you simply need to introduce the acronym once. How to introduce the acronym is also shown in the case citations below.

ISO Standards

• In text, kickoff commendation: (International Arrangement for Standardization [ISO], 2016) or International Organization for Standardization (ISO, 2016).
• In text, subsequent citations: (ISO, 2016) or ISO (2016).

OSHA Standards

• In text, first citation: (Occupational Safety and Health Assistants [OSHA], 1970) or Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, 1970).
• In text, subsequent citations: (OSHA, 1970) or OSHA (1970).
• Note that the date for an OSHA standard should be the effective date; for most standards, this is 1970. If you are citing multiple OSHA standards, create separate reference list entries for each one and differentiate them past using lowercase letters afterwards the year (due east.g., OSHA, 1970a, 1970b), as described in this post on "reference twins."

NICE Guidelines

• In text, kickoff citation: (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE], 2013) or National Plant for Wellness and Care Excellence (Squeamish, 2013).
• In text, subsequent citations: (Dainty, 2013) or Dainty (2013).

Standard Published as a Federal Regulation

Designation of Uses for the Establishment of Water Quality Standards, 40 C.F.R. § 131.10 (2015).

• In text: (Designation of Uses for the Establishment of Water Quality Standards, 2015) orDesignation of Uses for the Establishment of Water Quality Standards (2015).
• For more information on citing federal regulations, see Section A7.06 of the Publication Manual (p. 223).

The template shown at the starting time of this post should cover all types of quality standards you might want to cite in APA Fashion, but if yous have further questions, leave a comment beneath!

Dear Style Expert,

I found a very useful website and cited a lot of information from it in my paper. But how practice I write an in-text commendation for content I found on a website ? Do I but put the URL in the sentence where I cite the information?

Thanks,

Wallace

Dear Wallace,

This is a catchy question, merely nosotros tin can help! The short answer is that in virtually cases no, y'all practice not put the URL in the text of the newspaper. In fact, the only time you would put a URL in the text would be to simply mention a website in passing. Because you're citing specific information, y'all will need to write a regular APA Manner author–date citation. Luckily, writing the in-text citation for a website or webpage is easy: Only include the author and year of publication. The URL goes in the corresponding reference list entry (and yep, you can go out the links live).

Website Case

In-text citation:

The American Nurses Association (2006) issued a position statement insisting that pharmaceutical companies immediately cease using thimerosal as a vaccine preservative.

Annotation that the title of the website or webpage should be italicized in the reference list if the piece of work on the folio stands alone merely not italicized if it is part of a greater whole (if this is ambiguous on the source, merely choose what you recall makes the well-nigh sense for the situation). In deciding how to categorize material on a website for a reference, it may exist helpful to consider whether what is on the website is similar to an existing category of document type—for example, this reference is a position statement, which is similar to a press release, white paper, or written report; hence the italic title. To clarify the document type, you can also specify the format in brackets after the title.

Determining Website Authors

It tin can be disruptive to determine who the author of a website or webpage is. Ofttimes, the author is a group or agency rather than a particular individual. For example, the author of the position statement cited above is the American Nurses Association. If the website or webpage truly does non have an author, substitute the title of the page for the writer in the in-text commendation and reference listing entry (come across this post on missing reference pieces for examples of how to do this).

Determining Website Dates

A second source of confusion is that many websites or webpages practice non include publication dates. If no date of publication is provided, use the messages n.d. (which represent "no date"). The copyright date on the website itself should not exist used as the publication appointment for particular content on that site.

If multiple dates are provided, utilize the virtually recent engagement on which the content was inverse. For instance, if the site says the content was starting time published in 2010 and last updated on August 6, 2016, then use the appointment 2016 in the in-text citation and reference listing. Nevertheless, if the site says it was showtime published in 2010 and last reviewed in July 2016, and so use the date 2010 because a review does not imply that any information was changed.

Multiple Website Citations

If you apply information from multiple pages on a website, create a carve up reference list entry for each page, with in-text citations that correspond to the appropriate reference list entry. Information technology is common for writers to have multiple entries with the same author and year, so to differentiate these entries, use a alphabetic character afterward the year (east.g., 2016a) or after n.d. (e.g., northward.d.-a; more examples here), assigning the letter by putting the references in alphabetical order past championship in the reference list. Put references with no date before references with dates, and put in-press references last.

In text, yous can cite these references separately as usual (e.one thousand., American Nurses Clan, 1991b), or yous tin can combine citations with the same author if desired. But state the author once then provide the years of the applicable references in chronological order, separated by commas.

Combined in-text citations:

American Nurses Clan (n.d., 1991a, 1991b, 2015)

(American Nurses Association, north.d., 1991a, 1991b, 2015)

Do you accept more questions about how to create in-text citations for content from websites or webpages? Go out a annotate below.

Thank you!

—Chelsea Lee

grimesforitsed.blogspot.com

Source: https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/text-citation/

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